The ultimate goal of any investment is to get more cash out of it than what you put in. You do it both in the form of a capital gain (i.e. selling something for more than you paid for it) or by receiving income (i.e. interest or dividends).
From a tax perspective, capital gains are desirable because they are only taxed at half your gain (e.g. make $1000 capital gains, you pay taxes as if you earned $500 income). Dividends from Canadian sources receive a tax deduction, while dividends from foreign sources and interest income are fully taxed.
As investments inside an RRSP is tax-sheltered, this is why it’s generally a good rule to keep interest-bearing and foreign dividend-bearing investments inside an RRSP, while keeping investments that are focused around Canadian dividends and capital gains outside the RRSP.
In the event of investing in a guaranteed investment certificate (GIC), you receive exactly the same amount of money you put in, so there is no capital gain. However, over the period of the investment you receive money in interest. For example, a 1-year GIC investment at ING Direct would yield 4.1%, so that would be $41 on a $1000 investment over a year. This $41 dollars you receive is compensation for the bank using your $1000 investment – they can usually earn a much higher return on that money. For example, the bank could turn it around and use that capital for somebody’s mortgage at a rate of 5.2% – the bank would be earning a 1.1% spread and make $11 per $1000 they can turn around. While this doesn’t sound like a lot, when you do this in volumes of billions of dollars, it adds up.
If you think your bank is making a fortune on mortgages (or any other type of investment they can make with your money), then consider an investment in the bank. For example, if you look at the stock of the Bank of Montreal, over the past four quarters it has returned $2.13/share in dividends to shareholders. Assuming the present price ($65.59/share), that would be equal to about a 3.25% yield on investment.
There are also investments out there that give out returns that are roughly equal to one-year GIC rates. For example, if you look at Kinder Morgan (the company that took over Terasen Gas), they give out a $3.50/year dividend yield. A few months ago, you could have bought their shares for $85 and that worked out to a 4.1% yield. What is the difference between investing in a company that gives out a yield comparable to a GIC vs. investing in a GIC itself?
One reason is risk – the company has to be able to operationally perform its operations at a profit to give out that much money. So if demand for natural gas infrastructure suddenly took a nose dive, you would probably lose money on the investment over the period of time where the market for natural gas infrastructure was depressed. The company has a bit of debt ($13 billion) and if interest rates started to rise, it could cut into the profits of their operation.
Another reason is duration – a GIC matures over a time, while a stock investment can go on forever (until the company winds up or goes bankrupt). You know exactly how much money you will be receiving with a GIC, while with a stock investment, things are variable. Over the long run, assuming that the natural gas market doesn’t completely plummet (e.g. somebody invents sustainable cold fusion), the stock should do probably better than the GIC.
There is also the inflation factor – a GIC is not inflation protected, while stocks of companies that own assets usually are more protected during periods of inflation. Finally, there is a possibility of the company raising its dividend rates over time, which would increase the yield of the investment.
These are not the only considerations, but some of the considerations when choosing to invest in shares vs. investing in GIC’s. One critical consideration is whether the company is fairly valued with respect to its ability to generate profits, both now and in the future. It’s not an easy question to answer and this is why many people have jobs to figure this out (and not a lot of those people get it correct, either).
All things considered, over a longer period of time, you will probably end up making more money by investing in companies rather than GIC’s, which is why GIC’s should be considered a temporary investment only. The goal is always to make more than the risk-free return – right now the 10-year Canadian government bond is yielding 4.22%. If you purchase shares in a company that is in an industry which will be around in 10 years, and also at the right price, you should be able to easily exceed 4.22%.